頓鉆，也被稱為沖擊鉆。用鋼絲繩將鉆頭送到井底，驅動梁機構上下移動梁的一端，驅動鋼絲繩和鉆頭上下沖擊，破碎巖石。由于鉆井速度慢、效率低，不能滿足鉆井深度不斷增加、鉆井要求復雜的要求，逐漸被旋轉鉆取代。然而，它具有設備簡單、成本低、油層染色等優點，可用于一些淺低壓油氣井、漏水井等。

旋轉鉆

當鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)頭(tou)旋(xuan)(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)時，破(po)碎(sui)(sui)(sui)的巖(yan)(yan)石會產生切割或研磨。這是目前最(zui)常(chang)見的鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)井(jing)(jing)(jing)方(fang)法。處理井(jing)(jing)(jing)塌陷、井(jing)(jing)(jing)噴等復(fu)雜情況比頓(dun)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)快。根據(ju)動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)傳(chuan)輸(shu)模式，旋(xuan)(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)可分(fen)為轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)盤鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)和(he)地(di)下動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)：旋(xuan)(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)安裝在鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)井(jing)(jing)(jing)口，旋(xuan)(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)中心有(you)方(fang)孔，鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)柱上端的方(fang)形(xing)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)通過(guo)方(fang)孔，方(fang)形(xing)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)與鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)和(he)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)相(xiang)連，驅動(dong)(dong)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)和(he)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)一起旋(xuan)(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)，破(po)碎(sui)(sui)(sui)巖(yan)(yan)石。地(di)下動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)是利用(yong)(yong)地(di)下動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)驅動(dong)(dong)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)頭(tou)破(po)碎(sui)(sui)(sui)巖(yan)(yan)石。鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)井(jing)(jing)(jing)時，鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)井(jing)(jing)(jing)柱不旋(xuan)(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)，磨損小，使用(yong)(yong)壽命長(chang)，特別適用(yong)(yong)于定(ding)向(xiang)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)井(jing)(jing)(jing)。地(di)下動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)有(you)渦輪鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)、螺旋(xuan)(xuan)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)和(he)電動(dong)(dong)鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)。鉆(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)井(jing)(jing)(jing)設備按功(gong)能(neng)分(fen)為旋(xuan)(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)系(xi)統(tong)、提升系(xi)統(tong)、泥漿循環系(xi)統(tong)。動(dong)(dong)力(li)(li)傳(chuan)輸(shu)系(xi)統(tong)和(he)控制系(xi)統(tong)。